PHYLUM	CHARACTERISTICS	EXAMPLES
Porifera	multicellular, loose arrangement of cells held together by spicules  pores, canals, chambers  all members aquatic:marine, some freshwater  radial or no symmetry  no organs or tissues  sessile  individual cells can come back together to make a functional sponge Cellular level of organization	Bath Sponge Glass Sponge   Venus' Flower    Basket Coralline   Sponge Fire Sponge
Cnidaria	all members aquatic: marine, a few freshwater  radial symmetry, with oral and aboral ends  two body plans: medusa and polyp GVC, tentacles, incomplete digestive system  cnidocytes (= "stinging cells") Cell-Tissue level of organization (2 tissue layers and jelly layer in middle)	Jellyfish Sea Wasp Hydra Portuguese   man-of-war Stony Coral Soft Coral Sea Fan Sea Anemony
Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)	bilateral symmetry with cephalization  flat body dorsoventrally  muscular  first inklings of nervous systems, sense organs, head parasitic or free-living Tissue-Organ level of organization (3 tissue layers)	Dugesia Tapeworm Fluke
Ribbon Worms (Nemertea)	Tube-within-a-tube digestive tract - complete digestive system eversible proboscis Circulatory system Organ System level of organization	Ribbon Worm Proboscis Worm
Nematoda (Roundworms)	aquatic or soil-dwelling & sediments many detritus feeders parasitic diseases of marine mammals, fish, humans	Roundworms:   parasitic and   free-living
Annelida (Segmented     Worms)	metameric = segmented with a coelom (hydrostatic skeleton) muscular - both longitudinal & circular muscle bands setae  closed circulatory system  complete digestive system Segmentation Level of organization	Sandworm Clam Worm Christmas tree    Worm Feather Duster     Worm Beard Worms Earthworm Leeches
Arthropoda	Fused segments: head, thorax, abdomen; or cephalothorax & abdomen  jointed appendages, specialized for sensory, locomotion, feeding, etc.  chitinous exoskeleton  open circulatory system  gills, book gills, all modified appendages highly developed senses and behavior	Trilobite(extinct) Horseshoe "Crab" Crustacean:    crabs, shrimp,    lobster,    barnacle,    krill,    copepod Insects (a few)
Mollusca	segmentation lost ventral foot - highly modified for locomotion dorsal mantle that may secrete shell radula visceral mass; crystalline style in bivalves; salivary glands camera eyes in most advanced both open & closed circulatory systems	Snails Sea Hare Nudibranch Clams Oyster Mussels Chiton Octopus Squid Chambered    Nautilus
Echinodermata	segmentation lost exclusively marine radial, pentamerous symmetry - bilateral larva no head or brain  endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles with spines  water vascular system for locomotion, circulation, excretion tube feet for locomotion regeneration of lost parts	Sea Star Brittle  Star Sea Urchin    Sand Dollar Sea Cucumber Feather Star &    Sea Lily (deep    water)
Chordata	reduced segmentation notochord single, dorsal nerve cord (tube) pharyngeal gill slits  postanal tail  endoskeleton of bone or cartilage originated active filter-feeding lifestyle	Sea Squirt Salps Larvaceans Lancelets Haikuella Hagfish Vertebrates

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

CLASS	CHARACTERISTICS	EXAMPLES
Agnatha	rounded mouths, no jaws, cartilaginous cranium, chitinous "teeth"  keep notochords throughout lifetime  parasites of fish, scavengers	Lampreys
Cartilaginous Fishes (Chondrichthyes)	skeletons of cartilage, not bone  heavier than water, huge oily livers for buoyancy  don't devote a lot of energy to staying afloat  placoid scales largest sharks are filter feeders, most are predators  some sharks lay eggs, but others give birth to live sharks	Sharks Skates Rays Ratfishes
Bony Fishes (Osteichthyes)	swim bladders for buoyancy control can be used as lungs for some fish 2-chambered heart cycloid or ctenoid scales chloride-secreting cells on gills mostly external fertilization, a very few can give birth many eggs can be released to plankton, some species have parental care for a few eggs sex reversal in tropical forms biggest: swordfish (4 m [= 13 ft] long)	Lungfish Coelacanth Herrings Salmonids Cod Flounders Eels Sea Bass Tuna Billfish Puffers Parrotfish Lionfish Butterflyfish
Reptilia	going to land advantages:  less exploitation of land fewer predators there much more oxygen available succeeded in transition to land: lungs internalized scales over skin impermeable to water, helps osmoregulation when aquatic internal fertilization stronger skeletons eggs to protect embryos then some returned to aquatic habitat: still lay eggs on land but a few ovoviviparous (sea snakes) still breathe air the best-adapted aquatic reptiles (Ichthyosaurs) extinct 3- or nearly 4-chambered heart cannot regulate body temp fluctuations. Ectotherm ("cold blooded")	Marine Iguana Sea Snakes Sea Turtles Saltwater Crocodiles
Birds (Aves)	reptilian heritage: scaly legs and feet internal fertilization eggs feathers: flight insulation for temp  flight adaptations:  streamlined shape feathers tightly compressed around body light, hollow bones with extensions of the lung. Penguin dense bone muscles loss of one gonad in some most seabirds can fly; Penguins flightless & "fly" when they are swimming and diving Feeding Strategies: Aerial pursuit (piracy) Pattering Dipping Surface Plunging Pursuit Plunging Pursuit Diving with Wings Pursuit Diving with Feet Endotherm ("warm blooded")	Puffins Gulls Cormorants Albatross Penguins Jaegers Petrels Pelicans Loons Herons Ducks Boobies Terns Shearwaters
Mammalia	milk producing (mammary glands) mostly viviparous, young born on land or in water 4-chambered heart internal temp regulation.  Endotherm hairy covering (efficient in air) usually reduced in favor of blubber layer in ocean Carnivores Returning to Marine Habitat Bear dogs Weasels Herbivores & Omnivores Returning to Marine Habitat Primive elephant ancestors Extremely primitive omnivores related to deer	Whales:    toothed    baleen Seals Sea Lions Walrus Manatee Dugong Sea Otters Polar Bears